TRANSITIONAL WORDS and PHRASES provide directional clues for the reader; they also show the relationship between sentences in a paragraph. For example, the word FURTHERMORE says "Wait! I have still more to say on the subject." So the reader holds the previously read sentences in mind while reading the next few sentences. The following list suggests other transitional words and expressions the writer might find valuable.

addition	and, and then, also, again, in addition, besides, equally important, moreover further, furthermore, beyond that, still, too, first (in the first place), second, third, etc., next, finally
amplification	for example, in other words, that is, indeed, in fact, surely
cause and effect	accordingly, because, consequently, as a result, for this reason, hence, since, thus, therefore, if...then, for this purpose, to this end, with this object
concession (to oppose a point)	accepting the data, granted that, of course, no doubt, doubtless, certainly, to be sure, though, although
contrast or change	in another sense, but, conversely, despite, however, instead, nevertheless, nor, on the contrary on the other hand, rather, still though, yet, regardless, notwithstanding, in spite of, in contrast, even so, for all that, but at the same time
comparison (no change)	also, in addition, likewise, moreover, next similarly, by the same token, in the same way
emphasis	add to this, besides, in addition to this, even more, to repeat, above all, indeed, more importantly
equal value	at the same time, likewise, similarly
give example or intensify	after all, an illustration of, even, for example, for indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, that is, to illustrate, truly
increasing quantity	also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too
illustration	for instance, for example, namely, thus
order	first, finally, last, next, second, then
place	beyond, next to, nearby, adjacent to, close to, near, opposite, behind, above, below, elsewhere, farther on, here, on the other side, there, to the left, to the east
reason	because, for, since
restriction, qualification	if, unless, in case, provided (that), usually, especially, particularly, in particular, generally, in general, perhaps
result, summarization	accordingly, as a result, thus, therefore, as has been said, in particular, in simpler terms, on the whole, consequently, in short, in other words, in conclusion, all in all, and so, hence, for these reasons, in brief, to sum up, altogether, to put it differently
return (to writer's viewpoint)	nonetheless, nevertheless, still, even so
time	after a while, as long as, as soon as, at last, at that time, in the past, until now, when, lately, soon, when occasionally, frequently, meanwhile, in the meantime, then, immediately, at length, since then, after this, thereafter, at last, from now on, afterwards, before, formerly, later, now, presently, currently, previously, subsequently, ultimately

TO INTRODUCE A SERIES OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The point that I have been making is necessarily abstract. In order to make it more concrete, let me cite three illustrations, all of which are drawn from common experience.

TO SUM UP BEFORE BEGINNING THE NEXT UNIT

Before we begin to analyze the merits of this proposal, let us review what we have already established. We have shown that the proposed program has several times been offered to the American people and has always been rejected. We have shown that its proponents have attempted to manufacture a need which does not exist. We have further shown that the program is being advocated by diverse groups which have nothing in common except a conviction that what is best for their special interests must also be best for the country. Now, what about the proposal, itself? What are its good points?

TO SHOW WHAT THE WRITER INTENDS TO DO NEXT

Now, one may admit all these things and yet inquire what can be done about them without sacrificing values that have become precious to us all. Since I realize that this question is a just one, I shall outline briefly the organization of the Ideal University. At Chicago, Harvard, Cincinnati, and many other places, many phases of its plan have been tried and have succeeded. Much of the rest of the program has been under discussion at the University and elsewhere for many years.